{"id":2846,"date":"2015-05-01T09:00:55","date_gmt":"2015-05-01T15:00:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pianonotes.wpengine.com\/?p=2846"},"modified":"2016-06-27T10:28:51","modified_gmt":"2016-06-27T16:28:51","slug":"music-changes-the-way-you-think","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pianonotes.piano4u.com\/index.php\/2015\/05\/music-changes-the-way-you-think\/","title":{"rendered":"Music Changes the Way You Think"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hum the first two notes of \u201cThe Simpsons\u201d theme song. (If you\u2019re not a Simpsons fan, \u201cMaria\u201d from West Side Story will also do.) The musical interval you\u2019re hearing\u2014the pitch gap between the notes\u2014is known as a \u201ctritone,\u201d and it\u2019s commonly recognized in music theory as one of the most dissonant intervals, so much so that composers and theorists in the 18th century dubbed it <em>diabolus in musica<\/em> (\u201cdevil in music\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>Now hum the first few notes of Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, or, if you prefer something with a little more street cred, the \u201cI\u2019m sorry\u201d part in Outkast\u2019s \u201cMs. Jackson.\u201d This is the \u201cperfect fifth.\u201d It\u2019s one of the most <em>consonant<\/em> intervals, used in myriad compositions as a vehicle of resolution and harmony.<\/p>\n<p>Is it possible that hearing such isolated musical components can change the way you <em>think<\/em>? An ambitious new <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022103114000651\" target=\"_blank\">paper<\/a> recently published by Jochim Hansen and Johann Melzner in the <em>Journal of Experimental Social Psychology<\/em> argues precisely that. The researchers brought pedestrians into a laboratory and played them a short, stripped-down piece of music consisting of a series of alternating chords. Some people heard chords including the tritone; others the perfect fifth. A couple other tweaks were also made: in the tritone condition, the chords were played slowly\u2014only once every four-beat measure\u2014while in the perfect fifth condition, the chords went by rapidly, sounding every beat. Further, a \u201creverberation\u201d effect was added such that the tritone chords sounded like they were being played in a cavernous cave and the perfect fifth chords in a carpeted closet.<\/p>\n<p>What the scientists found is that the simple act listening to either of these two chord sets changed how people processed information in a very basic way. For example, the researchers asked people to take a list of shopping items and organize them into groups. Think detergent and paper towels: same kind of thing, or different? Results showed that \u201ctritone\u201d people formed fewer categories than \u201cperfect fifth\u201d people, indicating that they were thinking in broader, more inclusive categories than their counterparts.<\/p>\n<p>In a separate measure, the scientists asked people to imagine buying one of two imaginary toasters. These toasters varied in what is known as \u201caggregated\u201d versus \u201cindividualized\u201d information. Do you know how on Amazon.com you can learn the average star rating of a given item? This is aggregated information; it\u2019s pooled from a wide range of sources. Individualized information, by contrast, would be the customer reviews that appear at the bottom of the page. Which do you pay more attention to when these give conflicting messages\u2014when, say, the aggregated information is largely negative but there is a single glowing customer review? Turns out that people who are exposed to \u201ctritone\u201d-type music samples are more likely to be swayed by aggregated information, and \u201cfifth\u201d people by the reverse.<\/p>\n<p>Underlying these seemingly disparate questions is a relatively new theory in social psychology that has shown itself capable of explaining an impressive variety of human behaviors. It\u2019s known as <a href=\"http:\/\/www.psych.nyu.edu\/tropelab\/publications\/LibermanTrope2008.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">construal level theory<\/a>, and its core premise is that there\u2019s a link between how <em>far<\/em> things are from people and how abstractly they construe them. Distant things\u2014a Hawaii vacation next year, say\u2014appear to us general and decontextualized, their basic features (the beach, the sun) forefront in our minds. As they draw near, however, elements we never before considered (the packing, the possibility of rain) suddenly demand our attention. The forest, in other words, becomes the trees. Overall, the theory helps explain many seemingly disparate phenomena, like why we\u2019re <a href=\"http:\/\/www.psych.nyu.edu\/tropelab\/publications\/NussbaumLibermanTrope2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">bad at predicting how long it\u2019ll take us to fix the kitchen sink<\/a>, why <a href=\"http:\/\/postcog.ucd.ie\/files\/lovesex.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">absence makes the heart grow fonder<\/a>, and why we <a href=\"http:\/\/www.psych.nyu.edu\/trope\/Eyal%20et%20al%202009.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">rarely follow through on New Years resolutions<\/a>. In all these cases, what seemed a certain way from afar turns out, up close, to be a different beast entirely.<\/p>\n<p>How does all this relate to repeating chord patterns? What the researchers have done, cleverly, is consider music\u2019s ability to conjure up highly specific mental states. Tiny, almost immeasurable features in a piece of music have the power to elicit deeply personal and specific patterns of thought and emotion in human listeners. (One need only listen to Astrud Gilberto\u2019s Grammy-winning performance of the Girl from Ipanema to re-appreciate music\u2019s ability to capture strange and mysterious moods.) Hansen and Melzner have exploited this fact to provoke in listeners thought patterns corresponding to precisely those mapped by construal level theory.<\/p>\n<p>Ponderous, resonant, unfamiliar tonalities\u2014the proverbial \u201cauditory forest\u201d\u2014cause people to construe things abstractly. By contrast, the rapid, consonant, familiar chords of the perfect fifth\u2014the \u201cauditory trees\u201d\u2014bring out the concrete mindset. The groups of shopping items, the reviews of toasters\u2014these correspond to measures of abstractness that have been developed in experimental psychology. When you group a shopping list into only a few categories, it suggests that you are considering the list abstractly, clustering items according to a common core. And heeding aggregated (versus individualized) information implies the same: you\u2019re seeing the forest rather than being swayed by a single tree.<\/p>\n<p>That music can move us is no surprise; it\u2019s the point of the art form, after all. What\u2019s new here is the manner in which the researchers have quantified in fine-grained detail the cognitive ramifications of unpacked melodic compounds. This investigation of music\u2019s building blocks may be more relevant than you suppose. Nowadays, experts in the production room can hone a track\u2014the timbre, tone, rhythm, phrasing\u2014with digital precision. These songwriters and producers are the true geniuses behind the success of popular music today, and they seem to have an intuitive grasp of the phenomena underlying the findings of this psychology article. An extra breath-sound here, a pitch adjustment there\u2014these additives pepper the songs we hear on the radio. So the next time you hear a piece of music from the Billboard Top 40, it may be interesting to wonder, how many components were manipulated <em>just so<\/em>, in order to change the way I think?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hum the first two notes of \u201cThe Simpsons\u201d theme song. (If you\u2019re not a Simpsons fan, \u201cMaria\u201d from West Side Story will also do.) The musical interval you\u2019re hearing\u2014the pitch gap between the notes\u2014is known as a \u201ctritone,\u201d and it\u2019s commonly recognized in music theory as one of the most dissonant intervals, so much so that composers and theorists in the 18th century dubbed it diabolus in musica (\u201cdevil in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2848,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,34],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2846","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","category-featured-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Music Changes the Way You Think - PianoNotes Online<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/pianonotes.piano4u.com\/index.php\/2015\/05\/music-changes-the-way-you-think\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Music Changes the Way You Think - PianoNotes Online\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hum the first two notes of \u201cThe Simpsons\u201d theme song. (If you\u2019re not a Simpsons fan, \u201cMaria\u201d from West Side Story will also do.) 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